Gender and the Accouting Profession in Saudi Arabia Essay

Essays on Gender and the Accouting Profession in Saudi Arabia Essay 3. Accountancy and Professionalism Accounting professionalization has been studied extensively from varying viewpoints like the functionalist, interactionist and/or critical perspectives. These views have tried to understand the expansion of professional accounting associations. For example, the functionalist view states that the main purpose of professionalization is to have professionals with specific knowledge and skills that are ready to aid society selflessly. One main concern of many authors has been whether accountancy is actually a profession due to its particular attributes like specialised knowledge and code of ethics. Many theoretical and sociological perspectives have been applied such as Functionalist, Weberian and Marxist, in order to understand accountancy and professionalism. For example, the Weberian view proposes that only individuals who fulfil the required standards should be allowed to even undergo training. It further states that only after being professionally trained should they apply for membership to gain credibility (add reference here). The profession of accountancy has always boasted a particular male dominated image. As a result, women have often been ignored as the ‘other’ and deprived of holding their own position as an accountant (Johnston Kyriacou 2006). Accountancy has also always fought to maintain a professional position in society and therefore, it is easily negatively affected by different process. For example, when women’s position in society is seen as inferior to men, their increased entry into accountancy serves to harm its struggle. Due to this, multiple patriarchal structures have appeared in order to control the risk to professionalization that feminization supposedly caused. The organizations and firms where accountancy is regulated affect the results and the authority of the outlined rules and practices. Often these firms are not given the importance they deserve. For, they are essential in standardizing accountancy practices, mediating identities and managing professional governing. Therefore, this research will attempt to understand the professionalization of regulation in the multi-national professional service firms (currently known as the Big 4) in Saudi Arabia and explore the role of women accountants. In the following section core features and themes which define the institutional structures of Accountancy are mapped out. 4. Institutional Structures of Accountancy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4.1 Inclusion, Exclusion and Marginalization Studies have often ignored certain groups of accountants and have failed to include them when understanding the role of professional accounting. For example, different marginalized accountants like women, clerks, and blacks are integral in properly analysing the professional formation of accounting because they are a good indicator of the reconstruction of its boundaries. Their inclusion in studies will allow us to understand the progress of accounting as a profession and its value relating to class, gender and race (Cooper Robson, 2006). More studies of marginalized accountants will help to distinguish excluded groups, see how various systems of prestige are constructed and understand the professional development of accountancy and the important social and economic value its services are given (Cooper Robson, 2006). One study carried out by Kirkham and Loft (1993) analyzed non-elite accountants like, cost and bookkeeping clerks in order to see how they professionalised their work. For example, one method of increasing their professional formation was to ally themselves with elite accountants and auditors. Another study done by Witz (1992) explained the notion of ‘discursive strategies’ to better understand the link between ideology and professional practice. The exclusionary tactics of professional men were also examined which prevented others from entering the profession by deeming them ‘ineligible’ (Cooper Robson, 2006). Lehman (1992) further researched the role of women accountants in Russia and how they increasingly controlled the profession. However, the onset of the Western accounting model and its firms shifted this control to men (Cooper Robson, 2006). Hanlon (1994) raises a vital point in the professionalization of accounting and its related social concerns. Hanlon looks at the analysis of power and the way accounting labour is divided in society with the bulk of the service class being marginalized and their work imperilled by automation and low wage competition (Cooper Robson, 2006). For example, a small group of privileged accountants control the capital and reap immense rewards for their work while the majority are at junior levels like bookkeepers, women and new immigrants (Cooper Robson, 2006). Furthermore, a study by Cinar (2001) states that one reason for women marginalization is that most of them are concentrated in low-wage jobs. In an Arab context, Kamla (2012) showed how Western financial and auditing firms in Syria are contributing to the marginalization of Syrian women by excluding veiled women from their work-force. For example, preventing veiled Arab women from working as professional accountants in established fi rms excludes and marginalizes them due to their dress code (Kamla, 2012). Witz (1992) argues that professionalization of any work seeks to control its activity and states that the concept of a ‘professional project’ defines the historically recognized characteristics of a profession. Also, accounting isn’t the only profession where roles and tasks are distributed unequally. For example, even in the medical field a certain level of division of labour exists where menial tasks are given to nurses just like senior accountants of firms delegate everyday tasks to junior accountants, mainly women. Witz further explains that the professional projects seek to employ strategies that monopolize certain skills and power where the relationship between senior and junior groups needs to be examined further in order to understand the division of power. Also, strategies of occupational closure are prominent in establishing the boundaries of accountancy in relation to gender division. The fact that power is given to the elite few further propels the bou ndaries of power and gender division, allowing them to employ demarcation strategies to strengthen these restrictions. This conceptual model of the masculinity of the accountancy profession is a key issue in maintaining differential power due to gender (add reference here).

Stylistic Analysis of Great Gatsby Free Essays

F. Scott Fitzgerald Born in St. Paul, Minnesota, on September 24, 1896 F. We will write a custom essay sample on Stylistic Analysis of Great Gatsby or any similar topic only for you Order Now Scott Fitzgerald was the son of Edward Fitzgerald, who worked for Proctor and Gamble and brought his family to Buffalo and Syracuse, New York, for most of his son’s first decade. Edward Fitzgerald’s great-great-grandfather was the brother of the grandfather of Francis Scott Key, who wrote the poem â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner. † This fact was of great significance to Mrs. Fitzgerald, Mollie McQuillan, and later to Scott. Mollie Fitzgerald’s own family could offer no pretensions to aristocracy, but her father, an Irish immigrant who came to America in 1843, was a self-made businessman. Equally important was Fitzgerald’s sense of having come from two widely different Celtic strains. He had early on developed an inferiority complex in a family where the â€Å"black Irish half †¦ had the money and looked down on the Maryland side of the family who had, and really had †¦ ‘breeding,’† according to Scott Donaldson in the Dictionary of Literary Biography. Out of this divergence of classes in his family background arose what critics called F. Scott’s â€Å"double vision. † He had the ability to experience the lifestyle of the wealthy from an insider’s perspective, yet never felt a part of this clique and always felt the outsider. As a youth, Fitzgerald revealed a flair for dramatics, first in St. Paul, where he wrote original plays for amateur production, and later at The Newman Academy in Hackensack, New Jersey. At Princeton, he composed lyrics for the university’s famous Triangle Club productions. Fitzgerald was also a writer and actor with the Triangle Club at college. Before he could graduate, he volunteered for the army during World War I. He spent the weekends writing the earliest drafts of his first novel. The work was accepted for publication in 1919 by Charles Scribner’s Sons. The popular and financial success that accompanied this event enabled Fitzgerald to marry Zelda Sayre, whom he met at training camp in Alabama. Zelda played a pivotal role in the writer’s life, both in a tempestuous way and an inspirational one. Mostly, she shared his extravagant lifestyle and artistic interests. In the 1930s she was diagnosed as a schizophrenic and was hospitalized in Switzerland and then Maryland, where she died in a fire. For some time, Fitzgerald lived with his wife in Long Island. There, the setting for The Great Gatsby, he entertained in a manner similar to his characters, with expensive liquors and entertainment. He revealled in demonstrating the antics of the crazy, irresponsible rich, and carried this attitude wherever he went. Especially on the Riviera in France the Fitzgerald’s befriended the elite of the cultural world and wealthy classes, only to offend most of them in some way by their outrageous behavior. Self-absorbed, drunk, and eccentric, they sought and received attention of all kinds. The party ended with the hospitalization of Zelda for schizophrenia in Prangins, a Swiss clinic, and, coincidentally, with the Great Depression of 1929, which tolled the start of Scott’s personal depression. In the decade before his death, Fitzgerald’s troubles and the debilitating effects of his alcoholism limited the quality and amount of his writing. Nonetheless, it was also during this period that he attempted his most psychologically complex and aesthetically ambitious novel, Tender Is the Night (1934). After Zelda’s breakdown, Fitzgerald became romantically involved with Sheila Graham, a gossip columnist in Hollywood, during the last years of his life. He also wrote but did not finish the novel The Last Tycoon, now considered to be one of his best works, about the Hollywood motion picture industry. Fitzgerald died suddenly of a heart attack, most likely induced by a long addiction to alcohol, on December 21, 1940. At the time of his death, he was virtually forgotten and unread. A growing Fitzgerald revival, begun in the 1950s, led to the publication of numerous volumes of stories, letters, and notebooks. One of his literary critics, Stephen Vincent Benet, concluded in his review of The Last Tycoon, â€Å"You can take off your hats now, gentlemen, and I think perhaps you had better. This is not a legend, this is a reputation – and, seen in perspective, it may well be one of the most secure reputations of our time. † General characteristic 1. The text under consideration is a part of well-known novel â€Å"The Great Gatsby† by F. Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald is widely praised as the finest and most celebrated novelist of the twentieth century America. Fitzgerald’s masterpiece The Great Gatsby, referred to as â€Å"The Great American Novel†, stands as the supreme achievement of his career. The Great Gatsby is the classic novel about the American Dream, one of the great novels of the 20th Century as it captures perfectly some essential quality of the American myth and dream of the Jazz Age. The novel has profoundly portrayed the unsatisfied desire of the wealth and the success and displayed the theme of the novel— the disillusion of American dream. Meanwhile, it also shows Fitzgerald’s outstanding talent and the writing technique incisively. His style is exquisite, and the plot is compelling. The splendid work establishes Fitzgerald as a great writer in American literature. Fitzgerald’s novel reveals his poetic temperament and style. His observation to the world is exquisite. 2. The general slant of the text is a 1st person (sing. narration, which shows that we deal with narrative with the personage uttered monologue – so the whole narration sounds very subjective. Narrator clearly expresses his opinion, gives an extraordinary description for all the personages and events. 3. The text of the story is not homogeneous. The author’s narration is interrupted by the dialogues of the characters. Direct speech harmoniously interrelates with n arration. It leaves much for the reader’s guesswork and helps the reader to realize all the events taking place in the story. 4. The linguo-stylistic analysis proper: I. Phonographic analysis The traditional text segmentation is observed in this story. It consists of paragraphs. Sometimes direct speech appears in the story. Also changes of the print present in the story, especially capitalization of some words. Author wants to underline some words and phrases with the help of this mean. That’s why he indicates the whole word by the capital letters. e. g. A momentary hush; the orchestra leader varies his rhythm obligingly for her, and there is a burst of chatter as the erroneous news goes around that she is Gilda Gray’s understudy from the FOLLIES. I don’t think it’s so much THAT,† argued Lucille sceptically; â€Å"it’s more that he was a German spy during the war. † â€Å"There’s something funny about a fellow that’ll do a thing like that,† said the other girl eagerly. â€Å"He doesn’t want any trouble with ANYbody. † As for rhythmical background of the text, there are alliteration and assonance for better reading and perception of the story. e. g. Every Friday five crates of oranges and lemons arrived from a fruiterer in New York†¦ Laughter is easier minute by minute, spilled with prodigality, tipped out at a cheerful word. II. Lexical analysis ) The words are stylistically neutral in the text. The communicative situation is highly informal. Narrator describes all events which take place at the Gatsby’ party. The communicative situation is highly informal. The vocabulary includes not only standard colloquial words and expressions, but also idioms, phrasal verbs, barbarisms, etc. e. g. The bar is in a full swing, and floating rounds of cocktail permeate the garden outside, until the air is alive with chatter and laughter†¦ â€Å"See! † he cried triumphantly. â€Å"It’s a bona-fide (real) piece of printed matter†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Also the colloquial words proper are observed here. . g. â€Å"†¦This fella’s a regular Belasco. It’s a triumph. What thoroughness! † The writer strong sense of place is revealed by the use of barbarism such as hors-d’oeure (snack), chauffeur, gayety (elegance), etc. Even some archaic phrases are in the text. e. g. †¦already there are wanderers, confident girls who weave here and there among the stouter and more stable, become for a sharp, joyous moment the centre of a group, and then, excited with triumph, glide on through the sea-change (a profound or notable transformation) of faces and voices and color under the constantly changing light. ) The analysis of the vocabulary shows that author uses extraordinary words and words combination to make reader complicit in the story. The most of the words are neutral but rich in connotations. III. Morphological analysis Past Indefinite Tense is frequently used in the chapter, because narrator speaks about past events. But in the third paragraph Past Indefinite Tense is changed for Present In definite and Present Continuous Tenses to transfer the reader into the atmosphere of celebration, it creates the effect of immediate presence. The change of tenses registers changes in the narrated events. IV. Syntactic analysis How to cite Stylistic Analysis of Great Gatsby, Essay examples

Opportunities And Challenges Of Big Data In Business and Marketing

Question: Discuss about the Opportunities And Challenges Of Big Data In Business and Marketing. Answer: Introduction In this current technology based business era, big data is referred to as an ever increasing data inundation in terms of variety, volume, complexity and velocity that has been generated in the digitized eco system[1]. In other words big data is a dataset whose size is further than the aptitude of a normal database software tool. The application of big data is widely generated in the region of the consumers that is based on online purchase, social media activities, web clicks and geographical location tracking etc. This essay depicts the impact of big data in both business and marketing. Big data help to take accurate decision making approach for any business organization regardless of its background. The growing requirement of collaboration has led a business towards the developed digital ecosystem[2]. Apart from this, at each steps the consumers can eventually create new data as well. With the help of the big data technology the customers can adopt advanced level of analytics like research on operation for providing personalized recommendations for the online consumers. Opportunities and challenges of big data in business and marketing Big data is referred to as one of the most widely used technologies in both the medium and large business organizations. There are different big data tools available in the marketing and based on the type or background of the business, the owners should adopt the most suitable big data tool to lead it towards measurable success. About the concept of big data Big data is a combination of three different factors such as high volume, high variety and velocity. Big data application has the ability to observe all the activities taking place in a business organization including business transaction, social media activities and also information of the sensor data[3]. Moreover, it can create large set of data for the company success. Big data stream can stream in a higher speed and can deal with timely. The data processing can analyze the stream of data for producing near and real time results also very in a speedily manner. Bid data is all about large data but does not concern about the type of the data. The data may be structured, numeric, or unstructured in terms of video, email, audio etc. Importance of big data Big data cannot deal with the amount of data that a company stores in their server but deals with the way through which the data can be utilized appropriately. Each company has their own way to utilize data[4]. The utilization of big data and potential growth of a company are complimentary and directly proportional to each other. It means that as efficiently businesses utilize its data that much chances of business growth also enhances accordingly. A business organization can gather data from any resource and ca analyze them to find out the most suitable one[5]. Business can be negatively as well as positively impacted with big data tools, the opportunities and challenges of big data tools are elaborated in the below section: Opportunities of big data After adopting big data analytics different challenges and opportunities can be faced Big data gives transparent advantages to business organizations who have adopted it as an analytical tool, but each time it is not necessary that more amounts of data will add more values to the company profit. Big data gives many opportunities as well as challenges to the organizations who have adopted this analytical tool. BI is suitable for aggregation and analysis of structured data but there are some kinds of analysis BI cannot handle accurately. This is dependent on the situation where, data become more diverse, granular and real time and iterative[6]. After adopting big data analytics the cost, decision making, productivity and service giving capability of a company can evolved. On the other hand, challenges may occur during deciphering critical information. On the other hand, companies may face challenges also after adopting big data in terms of storage to this data that has become a challenge for the enterprises. Security and data privacy and good quality analysis are the other challenges. Data gathered from different sources again cannot be organized accurately, that may define as a challenge to those companies who have adopted Big data as an analytical tool. After the adoption of big data the followings are the opportunities those can be obtained: Big data cuts of the project and business cost: The total business as well as project cost can be minimized with the help of the application of big data tools. From the recent technology aspects it has been found that, company retailers can cut off their business cost up to 15% with the implementation and application of big data[7]. Companies can compare the maintenance charge allotted for the contractors against all the other vendors. Big data helps to make effective decision making approaches as well and due to this application the issues associated to invoice processing and automated service schedule can be easily eliminated from the business. Big data increases the business efficiency: The complete efficiency of a business can also automatically increases with the usage of big data tool. In other words efficiency of a business boosts up with the digital technologies[8]. Regardless of location and time the users can use tools like Google map, Google earth, social media etc. It saves the total amount of money and time for the application. Big data improved the business pricing: In order to understand the current status of business intelligence tool stands very helpful technology to be applied in the business organizations. In order to evaluate the detailed view of business budget rather finance, big data is helpful because it can eventually deliver clear picture of the business to the strategy developers. Compete with big business: Application of big data tools allow a business to create new competitive strategies for other businesses[9]. Apart from this, any business will become much complicated with the adoption of big data tool in their afield of application. Allowance to focus on the local experiences: In order to gain competitive advantages from the competitive market it is necessary for any business to understand the business environment. For local competitive advantages the application of big data tool is very much helpful because it allows the users to zoom in on the local business environment[10]. Once a business will get familiar about its consumers needs and demand that much sooner it will be able to develop its competitive strategies as well. Sales and loyalty increases: The loyalty and rate of sales increases with the help of big data tools. Big data tool helps to tailor the product and services based on the exact requirements and demands of the consumers. It can be said that, big data helps the operation and strategy developers to get to know more about their consumers demand and requirements. As much a business will be able to meet the requirements of the consumers that much it can grab new consumers. Not only new consumers but also a business can retain its existing consumers as well with the usage of bi data application[11]. Digital footprint is a term that is left by the consumers with a single usage. On the other hand, a digital footprint is also left while a client browse online or post on the social media. With the browsing time and activity regarding the company in the social media, the loyalty of a consumer can be measured. The rate of sales also increases with the increasing loyalty of the consumers. Challenges of big data Besides opportunities many challenges are also associated to big data application. During the applications of big data tools these challenges should be mitigated accordingly[12]. Big data application handling is a complex job. The lists of challenges associated to big data are as follows: Uncertainty of data management: One of the most disruptive challenges of big data is the usage of wide range innovative tools of data management as well as frameworks for the designs those are dedicated for supporting the operational and analytical processing. The design framework used in case of big data is different from SQL which differ the storage of big data from traditional database management system[13]. Due to wider range of application of big data (NOSQL tools) in business and marketing uncertainty with data management are occurring spontaneously. Security challenge: In case of big data application another major challenges that may interrupt the business success include security. Big data deals with management large amount of data[14]. Therefore, if enough security options are not considered by the business organizations then information may be lost or misused by the external attackers. Gathering data into a big data structure: This may be obvious that the intention of a big data management includes analyzing and processing of large amount of data. Many people are there who have analyzed data for the big data platform. However, due to lack of understanding about the complexity of big data application during transition, access and data delivery challenges may raise. The main factors those are highlighted as the main challenges of big data include data transmission, access and data loading. Again in the conventional data sets, the need to navigate transformation and the extractions are not stand as limited. Syncing across the data sources: During transmission of normal data into big data it may happen that, the sources of data are also migrating. Due to the breakage of data sequence and improper source management challenges may occur in big data application. Assorted challenges: During the integration of bog data again challenges may occur. The challenges included in this big data application include data integration, availability of skills, cost for the solution, data volume, data transformations etc. It is not necessary that all time the structure of the data will be similar[15]. Therefore, integration of data from different domain or sources is difficult to combine. This kind of combination is time taken as well as costly. Again these types of combination of data are again difficult to process. The validations for these data sets are fulfilled during data transferring phase from one source to another. Data privacy and security: For individual companies which are using the big data as a tool for their business success are facing challenges due to lack of data security and data privacy. It is necessary for any company, who is using big data application to adopt proper encryption algorithm[16]. Encryption helps to maintain the security of any business organization or marketing. Encryption technology encrypts or encodes information that cannot be access without appropriate decryption key[17]. Thus, due to improper usage of security aspects data may be hijacked which is another challenge for the companies who are using the application of big data. Big data is a competitive advantage for business and marketing In order to outperform the peers of the any business the usage of big data has become a very much common technologies nowadays. For innovation, competition and capturing values most of the industries, exiting competitors and even other new business entrants are using the strategic concept of big data application. In order to create business opportunities and completely new categories of business big data may integrate and analyze the industry data. With the help of big data, companies can also hold sufficient data regarding products, services, buyers, sellers and performance and behavior of the consumers towards the market or industry[18]. The business process can be optimized and understand easily with big data. Though the predictive models generated from the social media data and web searching the stock can be easily optimized by the retailers. Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, big data tool provides biggest game changing opportunities as well as paradigm shift for the marketing from the beginning of invention of internet going mainstreams. It also offers the even enhancing volume, velocity, variability and complexity of information. Big data is capable to create a secure relationship between the consumers and the service providers and also with the business employees that may automatically lead the business towards marketing success. Due to excessive amount of data, organizational complexity and frequently changing behavior of the consumers the market level competition is also increasing should be strictly controlled for business level success. It is the responsibility of the business owners to adopt advanced technical excellences to avoid business level operational and functional disruptions. There are multiple big data that are showing extreme possibility to drive the marketing impact in the managemen t domain of the consumers. Thus, it can be said that big data helps to create consumers centric approach to influence product development and pricing. In order to identify the potential ability of big data technology respective challenges and opportunity of big data are elaborated in this essay. References Baesens, Bart, Ravi Bapna, James R. Marsden, Jan Vanthienen, and J. Leon Zhao. "TRANSFORMATIONAL ISSUES OF BIG DATA AND ANALYTICS IN NETWORKED BUSINESS."MIS quarterly40, no. 4 (2016). Bahrami, Mehdi, and Mukesh Singhal. "The role of cloud computing architecture in big data." InInformation granularity, big data, and computational intelligence, pp. 275-295. Springer, Cham, 2015. Bello-Orgaz, Gema, Jason J. Jung, and David Camacho. "Social big data: Recent achievements and new challenges."Information Fusion28 (2016): 45-59. Chatfield, Akemi, Christopher Reddick, and Wisam Al-Zubaidi. "Capability challenges in transforming government through open and big data: Tales of two cities." (2015). Donnelly, Christina, Geoff Simmons, Gillian Armstrong, and Andrew Fearne. "Digital loyalty card big dataand small business marketing: Formal versus informal or complementary?."International Small Business Journal33, no. 4 (2015): 422-442. Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker Targio, Ibrar Yaqoob, Nor Badrul Anuar, Salimah Mokhtar, Abdullah Gani, and Samee Ullah Khan. "The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues."Information Systems47 (2015): 98-115. Hilbert, Martin. "Big data for development: A review of promises and challenges."Development Policy Review34, no. 1 (2016): 135-174. Khan, Nawsher, Ibrar Yaqoob, Ibrahim Abaker Targio Hashem, Zakira Inayat, Mahmoud Ali, Waleed Kamaleldin, Muhammad Alam, Muhammad Shiraz, and Abdullah Gani. "Big data: survey, technologies, opportunities, and challenges."The Scientific World Journal2014 (2014). Newell, Sue, and Marco Marabelli. "Strategic opportunities (and challenges) of algorithmic decision-making: A call for action on the long-term societal effects of datification."The Journal of Strategic Information Systems24, no. 1 (2015): 3-14. Riggins, Frederick J., and Samuel Fosso Wamba. "Research directions on the adoption, usage, and impact of the internet of things through the use of big data analytics." InSystem Sciences (HICSS), 2015 48th Hawaii International Conference on, pp. 1531-1540. IEEE, 2015. Sun, Zhaohao, Huasheng Zou, and Kenneth Strang. "Big data analytics as a service for business intelligence." InConference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society, pp. 200-211. Springer, Cham, 2015. Verhoef, Peter C., Edwin Kooge, and Natasha Walk.Creating value with big data analytics: Making smarter marketing decisions. Routledge, 2016. Wang, Yichuan, LeeAnn Kung, and Terry Anthony Byrd. "Big data analytics: Understanding its capabilities and potential benefits for healthcare organizations."Technological Forecasting and Social Change126 (2018): 3-13. Xu, Zhenning, Gary L. Frankwick, and Edward Ramirez. "Effects of big data analytics and traditional marketing analytics on new product success: A knowledge fusion perspective."Journal of Business Research69, no. 5 (2016): 1562-1566. Zhou, Zhi-Hua, Nitesh V. Chawla, Yaochu Jin, and Graham J. Williams. "Big data opportunities and challenges: Discussions from data analytics perspectives [discussion forum]."IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine9, no. 4 (2014): 62-74.